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Review TA1
Review TA1

The papers behind each numbered note

Thymosin Alpha-1: The Medical Papers Cited Here

Each numbered note on the site points to a paper below. The link lets you check the title, journal, year, and study report.

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Each number takes you to the paper behind the claim

A numbered mark after a Thymosin Alpha-1 claim points to the list below; for example, [1] and [2] match the same numbers in that list. Each item gives the authors, journal, year, and a web link. If the full paper costs money, the link can still confirm its title and basic details. You can then ask your doctor about the finding that matters to you.

  1. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
  4. Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
  5. Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
  6. Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
  7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  8. Sugahara S, Ichida T, Yamagiwa S, et al. Thymosin-alpha1 increases intrahepatic NKT cells and CTLs in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. 2002;24(4):346-354. ↗
  9. Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol. 2007;19(11):1261-1270. ↗
  10. Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhou C, et al. The modulation of thymosin alpha 1 in the maturation, differentiation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in the absence or presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4(4):539-546. ↗
  11. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239. ↗
  12. Serafino A, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(1):72-88. ↗
  13. Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗
  14. Badamchian M, Goldstein AL, Sztein MB. Immune and neuroendocrine modulation with thymosins: current status of recent clinical trials in the United States. Int J Neurosci. 1990;51(3-4):365-367. ↗
  15. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Perez S, Kokkinopoulos D, Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology. 1987;13(2):133-141. ↗
  16. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
  17. Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(1):8-15. ↗