Review TA1

The literature // Hanging-indent record

Thymosin Alpha-1: The Cited Literature

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to a numbered entry below, with its DOI or PubMed identifier.

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How to read this list

The numbered markers throughout this Thymosin Alpha-1 digest — [1], [2], and so on — correspond to the entries below. Each carries the authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed identifier so any claim can be checked at source. Where a paper sits behind a paywall, the PubMed link still resolves the citation. This is editorial commentary on publicly available science, not a substitute for the primary literature.

  1. Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(2):725-729. ↗
  2. Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R8. ↗
  3. Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e082583. ↗
  4. Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020;9(5):67-78. ↗
  5. Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265-2274. ↗
  6. Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2150-2157. ↗
  7. Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019;9:873. ↗
  8. Sugahara S, Ichida T, Yamagiwa S, et al. Thymosin-alpha1 increases intrahepatic NKT cells and CTLs in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. 2002;24(4):346-354. ↗
  9. Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol. 2007;19(11):1261-1270. ↗
  10. Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhou C, et al. The modulation of thymosin alpha 1 in the maturation, differentiation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in the absence or presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4(4):539-546. ↗
  11. Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through Toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232-4239. ↗
  12. Serafino A, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(1):72-88. ↗
  13. Ricci D, Etna MP, Severa M, et al. Novel evidence of Thymosin α1 immunomodulatory properties in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Effect on innate inflammatory response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based in vitro model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109996. ↗
  14. Badamchian M, Goldstein AL, Sztein MB. Immune and neuroendocrine modulation with thymosins: current status of recent clinical trials in the United States. Int J Neurosci. 1990;51(3-4):365-367. ↗
  15. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Perez S, Kokkinopoulos D, Papamichail M. Immunoregulatory effects of fraction 5 thymus peptides. I. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances while thymosin beta 4 suppresses the human autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Immunopharmacology. 1987;13(2):133-141. ↗
  16. Pica F, Chimenti MS, Gaziano R, et al. Serum thymosin alpha1 levels in patients with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;186(1):39-45. ↗
  17. Dinetz E, Lee E. Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(1):8-15. ↗